Memory work explores how the past continues to live in the present, and how old emotional learning can begin to change

Defenses protect us from experiences that once felt too threatening. Different therapies challenge, soften, support, or befriend them.

Predictive processing explores how the brain uses past experience to anticipate the present, offering striking parallels with transference, schemas, complexes, and other psychotherapeutic ideas.

Memory reconsolidation explores how established emotional learning can become open to change when old expectations encounter something new.